1789

The U.S. Department of Foreign Affairs changed its name to the Department of State.

1821

Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador gained independence.

1835

Charles Darwin and the HMS Beagle reached the Galapagos Islands.

1917

Alexander Kerensky proclaimed Russia a republic.

1935

The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of their citizenship and made the Swastika the official emblem of Nazi Germany.

1963

A church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, killed four young black girls.

1989

Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Penn Warren, the first poet laureate of the United States, died.

2004

The National Hockey League lockout began. The 2004-2005 season would ultimately be canceled.

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